Presentation Bridges 2025
How many pre-defined units do we need to produce a muqarnas?
At the Family Day, students show what you can do with six boxes of 3D printed muqarnas building blocks, so participants in Eindhoven can get to work for themselves.

Collection of Designs
Multiple webpages show my interpretations of the muqarnas designs presented by Ödekan, Tuncer, Uluengin and others.

Workshop NWD 2025
How much math is hidden in a muqarnas? What about symmetry and similarity, for example?
Of course there are six boxes of 3D printed muqarnas building blocks, so participants in Noordwijkerhout can get to work for themselves.

Generative Art 2021
At the conference Generative Art 2021, I presented my paper on the development of a visual interpreter that generates muqarnas.

My daily post
Every day, I post a muqarnas plan on Instagram.

Muqarnas
At the symposium of the Association of Teachers of Mathematics in the Netherlands (NVvW) in 2019, Henk Hietbrink gave a workshop about muqarnas.


Sense of Eternity
For the virtual museum Tesseract, I made a gallery and the catalogue Sense of Eternity for Margi Lake's geometrical art.
Museum Tesseract is an initiative of the "Ars et Mathesis" foundation, a platform and meeting place for mathematicians and artists whose work bridges the intersection between art and mathematics.
The gallery in Museum Tesseract contains a selection of 24 recent artworks. The online catalogue provides a description of each artwork, the provenance of the pattern, the geometric layout and the creative processes involved.

Astrolabes
The catalogue of the Collection of Instruments of the Institute for the History of Arabic and Islamic Sciences describes many ancient astrolabes and shows high quality pictures of replicas.

Workshops
Workshops about sundials are held in The Netherlands and Turkey.
For more information, contact h.hietbrink planet.nl.

Workshop U-Talent 2019
A one-day program for talented pupils has been offered by U-Talent about sundials and trigonometrie.

Pupils also made an equitorial sundial using a plastic bottle and a thin metal rod.

Workshop NVvW 2018
At the symposium of the Association of Teachers of Mathematics in the Netherlands (NVvW) in 2018,
Henk Hietbrink gave a workshop about a drawing instrument to find reflection points.

Workshop NVvW 2017
At the symposium of the Association of Teachers of Mathematics in the Netherlands (NVvW) in 2017,
Henk Hietbrink presented a workshop about "Islamic patterns drawing".

ICHME-5
On ICHME-5 Henk Hietbrink, presented the didactical approach of Jacob de Gelder (1765-1848) on the introduction of cubic equations.

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Welcome
Welcome to Henk Hietbrink's website with an overview of his publications and activities.
Henk Hietbrink is a mathematics teacher with an interest in the history of mathematics, science, and technology.
In the Netherlands, he owns the website www.fransvanschooten.nl. Recent publications in Dutch are on Simon Stevin and the calculation of interest and Simon Stevin and fortification. Abroad, he performed workshops at Science Festivals on astrolabes and sundials. In 2019, he presented his article about an instrument to find reflection points at the International Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin Symposium on History of Science in Islam. New projects are on Ibn al-Haytham's Apparatus for the Observation of the Reflection of Light, Ibn al-Haytham's On the Shape of the Eclipse and on Muqarnas.
On the left, the recent activities in the Netherlands are mentioned, on the right, the recent activities in Turkey are mentioned.
For more information, please contact h.hietbrink planet.nl.
Research
My research is concentrated on the mathematics behind:
- Muqarnas
Every week, I post on Instagram about my muqarnas project. |  |
- Perfect compass
The 2014 workshop is dedicated to a wonderfull object of the museum: a conic-section cutter, a perfect compass. The catalog refers to Abû Sahl al-Kûhî (10th century). Especially for this workshop, we made a large wooden version that allows us to explore this instrument. The 2023 event focuses on the mathematical properties of the perfect compass. |  |
- Sundials
At the Uludag AstroFest 2016 / 2017 / 2018 / 2019 and at the Turkish Airlines Science Expo 2017 / 2018 / 2019 in Bursa, I gave workshops on sundials, reflection in mirrors and geometric patterns with a team of Turkish students and teachers. |  |
- Astrolabes
The astrolabe is a mechanical instrument to solve problems related to the position of sun and stars, in the past, at the moment and in the future. The website shows an interactive animation of an astrolabe. You will see step by step how the stereographic projection works and how all those different lines are geometrically constructed. In 2023, we did a workshop at Nesin's Maths Village, in 2022 we did workshops in Istanbul.
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- Fortification
For Dutch educational journals, I wrote about mathematics and fortification. |  |
- Reflection
On several occasions, I did workshop on reflection, camera obscura, and Ibn al-Haytham. |  |
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 Delicate Muqarnas Kayseri Gevher Nesibe Hospital
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 Popup Astrolabe Workshop Istanbul
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Activities
A list of my activities in the Netherlands is available on my Dutch web page.
- 2025, Bridges 2025: The Overwhelming Beauty of a Muqarnas Leaves the Mathematician Speechless
Eindhoven summer 2025 |  |
- 2024, Nesin Math Village: Everyone can draw an astrolabe
In five days, participants drew an astrolabe, and experimented with a laminated paper astrolabe in Nesin Math Village near Izmir. |  |
- 2024, Rami Library (Istanbul): Camera Obscura
another workshop on the image of the crescent moon in a camera Obscura. |  |
- 2023, Nesin Math Village: Everyone can draw an astrolabe
In five days, participants drew an astrolabe, and experimented with a laminated paper astrolabe in Nesin Math Village near Izmir. |  |
- 2023, The Third International Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin History of Science in Islam Symposium: Conic-Section Compass
At the Third International Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin History of Science in Islam Symposium, I presented the mathematics of the conic-section compass in Istanbul University. |  |
- 2023, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University: Design a muqarnas yourself
In a one-and-a-half hour workshop, participants got the opportunity to analyse,design and assemble a muqarnas with 3D printed muqarnas blocks at Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University in Istanbul. |  |
- 2022, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University: Everyone can draw an astrolabe
In a three hour workshop, participants drew a selection of lines and circles of an astrolabe at Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University in Istanbul. |  |
- 2022, Learning Places
Presentation of our paper: Servants of Mathesis: early seventeenth century teaching in geometry and fortification and digital mathematics education at the conference TechNet 2022 in Lisbon. |  |
- 2021, GenerativeArt
Presentation of my paper: A visual interpreter for pre-defined muqarnas units at the conference Generative Art 2021. |  |
- 2021, Ars et Mathesis: Tesseract
For the virtual museum Tesseract, I made a gallery and a catalogue for Margi Lake's geometrical art.
Museum Tesseract is an initiative of the "Ars et Mathesis" foundation, a platform and meeting place for mathematicians and artists whose work bridges the intersection between art and mathematics.
The gallery in Museum Tesseract contains a selection of 24 recent artworks. The online catalogue provides a description of each artwork, the provenance of the pattern, the geometric layout and the creative processes involved. |  |
- 2021, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University: Image of the Shape of a Crescent Moon
At Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University, I did my workshop on the shape of the crescent moon in a camera obscura. |  |
- 2021, The Second International Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin History of Science in Islam Symposium
At the The Second International Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin History of Science in Islam Symposium, I would like to talk about one of Ibn al-Haytham's experiments to visualise the reflection of light in concave and convex mirrors. |  |
- 2019, The First International Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin History of Science in Islam Symposium
In The 1st International Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin Symposium on History of Science in Islam Proceedings Book my contribution The Istanbul Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam as a Source of Inspiration for Modern High School Education: An Instrument for Finding Reflection Points is included. It shows how old instruments from a museum collection can be used for inspiring education. The article and the presentation are on my website. |  |
- 2019, Bursa Turkish Airlines Science Expo: sundial workshop , islamic geometry , reflection in mirrors
At the Turkish Airlines Science Expo 2019 in Bursa, I gave workshops on sundials, reflection in mirrors and geometric patterns with a team of Turkish students and teachers. |  |
- 2018, Konya Science Festival: sundial workshop
At the Konya Science Festival 2018, I gave workshops on sundials with a team of Turkish students and teachers. |  |
- 2018, Bursa Uludag AstroFest: sundial workshop
At the Bursa Uludag AstroFest 2018, I gave workshops on sundials with a team of Turkish students |  |
- 2018, Bursa Turkish Airlines Science Expo: sundial workshop
At the Turkish Airlines Science Expo 2018 in Bursa, I gave workshops on sundials and reflection in mirrors with a team of Turkish students and teachers. |  |
- 2017, Bursa Uludag AstroFest: sundial workshop
At the Bursa Uludag AstroFest 2017, I gave workshops on sundials |  |
- 2017, Bursa Turkish Airlines Science Expo: sundial workshop
At the Turkish Airlines Science Expo 2017, I gave workshops on sundials and astrolabes |  |
- 2016, Bursa Uludag AstroFest: sundial workshop
At the Bursa Uludag AstroFest 2016, we gave workshops on sundials and astrolabes |  |
- 2015, Fourth International Summer School at the Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin Foundation for the History of Science in Islam in Istanbul:
A workshop to introduce an instrument to find reflection points which was invented by Leonardo da Vinci
I presented a workshop about an instrument to find reflection points in all kind of mirrors.
The instrument is attributed to Leonardo da Vinci, but the story goes back to Ibn al-Haytham. In 2018/2019 we continued with our research and did remarkable discoveries, which will be presented at The First International Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin History of Science in Islam Symposium. |  |
- 2014, Third International Summer School at the Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin Foundation for the History of Science in Islam in Istanbul: A workshop to introduce a perfect compass made by Abu Sahl al-Quhi
I presented a workshop about the perfect compass made by Abu Sahl al-Quhi. With this instrument, one can draw circles of course, but also parabola, hyperbola, ellipses and even a straight line! |  |
- 2013, Second International Summer School at the Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin Foundation for the History of Science in Islam in Istanbul: A workshop to introduce a medieval portable sundial attributed to Ibn al-Raqqâm
I presented a workshop about a medieval portable sundial attributed to Ibn al-Raqqâm. |  |
- 2012, First International Summer School at the Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin Foundation for the History of Science in Islam in Istanbul
Publications
A list of my publications in Dutch is available on my Dutch web page.
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Frans van Schooten
More than ten years have been spent on the website www.fransvanschooten.nl (in Dutch).
- homepage
Welcome to the "Mathematical Exercises" of Frans van Schooten Junior. He lived in the 17th century and taught his pupils algebra, geometry, fortification and more. His book is over 500 pages and most of them are translated into modern Dutch. Student exercises and animations are available too. |  |
- area of polygonal pieces of land
This chapters deals with fifty exercises about areas of polygonal pieces of land. |  |
- overview of geometry assignments (lower grades)
This chapter deals about geometrical calculalation of distances between points which are not accessible. |  |
- mechanical devices for conic sections
Frans van schooten wrote his thesis on mechanical devices for conic sections. |  |
- algebra with integer triangles
Frans van Schooten was looking for complex triangles. These are triangles of which the lengths of the sides are whole numbers. You can think of rectangular triangles, but also of triangles whose dividing line divides the opposite sides into two whole numbers. |  |
- algebra of François Viète: Zeteticorum Libri Quinque
François Viète included in his book Opera Mathematica a section called Zeteticorum containing a large number of tasks in the form, given this and that, calculate the unknowns, e.g. given sum and difference of two unknown numbers A and B or given product and quotient of two unknown numbers A and B, calculate those unknown numbers |  |
GeoGebra
GeoGebra is a tool for dynamic mathematics. My animations are available at geogebra tube.
- astrolabe
The astrolabe is a mechanical instrument to solve problems related to the position of sun and stars, in the past, at the moment and in the future. The website shows an interactive animation of an astrolabe. You will see step by step how the stereographic projection works and how all those different lines are geometrically constructed.
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- reflection in mirrors
In 2013 we discovered a special drawing instrument in the Istanbul Museum of History of Science and Technology. Thanks to the support of Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin of the Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, I was able to investigate its origin and operation.
A publication in English and Turkish appeared in June 2019 at the The First International Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin History of Science in Islam Symposium. |  |
- sundial cut-out
In a number of steps, the animation explains the geometrical construction of a sundial. |  |
- sundial geometry
In a number of steps, the animation explains the geometrical principles of a sundial in a different way.
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- altitude of the sun
This animation shows a geometrical explanation of altitude and azimuth. |  |
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Workshops Valuas College
Goossen Karssenberg performed a two-day workshop on Geometric Patterns. My contribution was a muqarnas workshop with six boxes of building materials.

Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University (2023)
In a one-and-a-half hour workshop, participants analysed muqarnas patterns and assembled muqarnas at Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University in Istanbul.

Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University (2022)
In a three hour workshop, participants analysed muqarnas patterns at Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University in Istanbul.

GeoGebra Books
Visualizations have been made in a seperate GeoGebra book, including workshop materials.
Everyone Can Draw An Astrolabe
In a three hour workshop, participants drew a selection of lines and circles of an astrolabe at Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University in Istanbul.


Learning Places
Charles van de Heuvel and I presented Servants of Mathesis. Early 17th-century teaching in geometry and fortification and digital mathematics education
on the 2022 International hybrid conference Learning Places.

Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakif University (2021)
In a camera obscura with a small aperture, one may observe a sun eclipse. Observing a crescent moon requires a larger aperture, but the image will become distorted. In the workshop, FSMVU students discovered how to construct this distorted image.

The Second International Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin History of Science in Islam Symposium.
In the lecture, I will demonstrate how ancient instruments from a museum collection can be used in inspiring education.
Afterwards, instruments attributed to Ibn al-Haytham were used as a showcase in the workshop on optics.
Teamwork
It is wonderful to work with a group of teachers and students, volunteering at Science Expo's, Science Festivals and Astrofests.
I owe a lot to four young people, Ayca Turan, Kübra Konya, Nakiye Güventürk and Asli Yilmaz.
They participated in the preparations, developed new lesson ideas, did all translations, ran the travel agency and maintained contact with everyone who wanted to know more about the idea behind the workshops.
The First International Prof. Dr. Fuat Sezgin History of Science in Islam Symposium 2019.
Henk Hietbrink has been invited for a lecture about the didactical ideas of a workshop on historical instruments.
He will also do the workshop on finding reflection points, a story about Ibn al-Haytham, Leonardo da Vinci and an Italian professor.
Turkish Airlines Science Expo 2019
At the Turkish Airlines Science Expo 2019 in Bursa, Henk Hietbrink, Ayca Turan, Nakiye Güventürk, and Kübra Konya presented workshops on sundials and geometry with a team of Turkish students and teachers.

Konya Science Festival 2018
At the Science Festival in Konya Henk Hietbrink, Ayca Turan, Asli Yilmaz, and Miray Yanlic gave workshops about sundials.

Bursa Uludag Astrofest 2018
At the Uludag Astrofest 2018 in Bursa, Henk Hietbrink, Ayca Turan, Kübra Konya, and Miray Yanlic presented workshops about sundials in the Karina hotel on Uludag mountain.

Turkish Airlines Science Expo 2018
At the Turkish Airlines Science Expo 2018 in Bursa, Henk Hietbrink, Ayca Turan, Kübra Konya, Nakiye Güventürk and Asli Yilmaz gave workshops on sundials with a team of Turkish students and teachers.

Bursa Uludag Astrofest 2017
At the Uludag Astrofest 2017 in Bursa, Henk Hietbrink and Kübra Konya presented workshops about sundials.

Turkish Airlines Science Expo 2017
At the Turkish Airlines Science Expo 2017 in Bursa, Henk Hietbrink and Kübra Konya gave workshops on sundials.

Bursa Uludag Astrofest 2016
At the Uludag Astrofest 2016 in Bursa, Henk Hietbrink presented workshops about sundials.

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